The degree of commonality in the technological components of the Chinese and U.S. pathways to carbon neutrality by mid-century, as just outlined, underscores the value of cooperation between us on analysis relating to these pathways, despite the differences in circumstances on the two countries. Many of the technologies and challenges common to our two pathways, moreover, will also be relevant to the decarbonization of countries besides ours, at various stages of economic development. Given that the vast majority of nations will need to achieve near-zero emissions if global targets of well below 2 degrees C and pursuing efforts to limit to 1.5 degrees C are to be met, wider international collaboration on analysis and R&D relating to pathways is clearly needed.